Thomas Hochmann (University Paris Nanterre), Pierre Rainville (University Laval)

Freedom of expression and its conditions, forms and violations are essential subjects for researchers studying democracies and authoritarian regimes in terms of legal and political principles (particularly freedom of thought and the free flow of information) or from a socio-historical standpoint. Study of freedom of expression inevitably brings up questions about its limits and the ways these are legitimised. Freedom of expression is considered as a political and legal issue here because it is both a social norm and an object of law. These two dynamics often come into conflict, particularly on social networks, which means we then need to consider the relationship between the law and other forms of regulation.

Having thus linked freedom of expression to legal systems and forms of government the subject is then studied using approaches based on a specific national or regional context (European, North American) or comparatively. Study of freedom of expression intersects with other issues like discrimination (of individuals and groups), conflicts of memory and finally justice. Freedom of expression is severely limited by authoritarian regimes which do not allow people to express opinions publicly that are contrary to official policy. Democratic countries' legal systems can consider certain uses of freedom of expression to constitute an incitation to commit a crime or offence. Democracies also limit the impact certain comments and images may have on the rights of third parties, particularly individuals (defamation), groups (racism, anti-Semitism, sexism) or official representatives of the State. The issue of regulation - in the case of hate speech or fake news for example - is even more relevant as regards the Internet which is generally not subject to existing legal frameworks. On the Internet, regulation approaches range from the Chinese authorities' censorship and control approach on the one hand and absolute freedom as posited by Elon Musk, the owner of Twitter, on the other. One of the major issues at stake is the hybrid nature of social networks which are controlled by private interests that decide on the algorithms that guide 'conversations' despite being an integral part of public debate.  

Voices are also being raised - particularly those of far right observers - against restrictions that aim to protect vulnerable groups and individuals from the power of speech or image. This is sometimes paradoxically expressed through rhetoric that actually turns freedom of expression against individuals in situations of vulnerability or discrimination.

Finally, states of emergency restrict certain public and individual freedoms, particularly through anti-terrorism measures that in turn affect freedom of expression.

Hanane Karimi (University of Strasbourg), Solange Lefebvre (University of Montréal) 

This research theme concentrates on two areas of complex social, political and legal debate. The first covers democratic societies' relationships with religious beliefs while the second deals with the sensitive nature of controversies concerning the treatment of minorities.

The historically recognised monotheistic religions have always restricted freedom of expression within their societies and publicly combated heresies they defined themselves to impose their own dogmas and worldview. Paradoxically, these religions have always also allowed the development of sometimes critical philosophical thought and exegesis which requires constant intellectual practice. The legal status of these religions can range from state religion through majority religion in a secular regime, minority religion (in a religious or secular state), to a religion or belief that is forbidden a religious or secular state (sects, for example). Depending on this status, the normative framework and ethical standards, religions can be 'protected' from blasphemy and insults to varying degrees. Religions can of course constitute an instrument for the repression of freedoms as in Afghanistan today or as used by the Inquisition in the past) but can also convey messages of tolerance and openness to intercultural dialogue and adjust to democratic rules on freedom of expression. However the terrorist attacks on Charlie Hebdo journalists and the French teacher Samuel Paty perpetrated by radical Islamists in response to cartoons depicting the Prophet have brought up the issues of the conditions for freedom of expression and criticism and the dangers those who use these freedoms may face in consequence. More generally, this aspect opens up the questions of orthodoxies and heterodoxies and of the way secularised societies think about the relationship with beliefs.

On the other hand, while there is no denying that real issues of equality and inclusion underpin controversies about our regard for diversity, the purpose of freedom of expression is to protect the dissemination of critical ideas including ideas that may shock and disturb people. This means freedom of expression cannot be limited solely on the basis of other people's sensitivities or their right not to be offended. Again, this brings up the question of authority. Who has the authority to say what and who has the authority to limit speech?

Thibaud Boncourt (Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University), Maryse Potvin (UQAM)

Freedom of expression is also directly relevant to the production and dissemination of knowledge. Firstly it seems inherent to the scientific process insofar as it creates the conditions for the multiplication of hypotheses, the emergence of controversies and the accumulation of knowledge. Freedom of expression also plays a role in the dissemination of knowledge within the academic sphere in the framework of educational activities and also in other social contexts. In this way, the concept is linked to academic freedom understood as a right specific to those working in this sphere, enshrined in international law, and guaranteeing academics' freedom in teaching or research and of expression.

In recent times, these freedoms have been questioned by various different processes. In so-called 'illiberal' regimes, entire fields of research (like gender studies) and academic institutions (the Central European University in Budapest, for example) have been the target of bans or drastic restrictions. In more democratic contexts, academics and the knowledge they produce have also come under attack in a variety of ways - cuts to funding, legal procedures (bailiffs, libel suits), smear campaigns, disinformation and so forth. New regulations have also created a stricter framework for researchers' professional practices, for example by controlling their ethical nature and integrity.

These forms of limiting and supervising academic freedom are implemented by a variety of stakeholders and have equally diverse purposes. They may be imposed by academics themselves who develop new practices or structures to control their colleagues' activities and denounce those they consider 'deviant'. They can result from political and politicised stakeholders using various means to limit the development of certain research fields. The media, the courts or citizens at large may also be involved in controversies or highly publicised 'cases'.

These ongoing changes need to be viewed in the context of the concomitant development of other systems of truth-telling. Various groups that may be thought of value (as 'alternative', for example) or alternatively stigmatised (as 'conspiracy theorists', for example) are claiming their right to freedom of expression to put forward other ways of producing knowledge outside the more reputed institutions. The issue of freedom of expression is therefore closely linked to the struggle for the social construction of 'the truth'.

Anna Arzoumanov (Sorbonne University), Mathilde Barraband (Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières)

The freedom of artistic expression is the fruit of a long history of struggle for creative autonomy. Women writers have historically been at the forefront of such struggles. The history of their confrontations with secular or religious courts and their use of coded language to get round censorship make up a collective memory on which the ethics of modern and contemporary creators are based even if these may also be found on the side of the censors. In this respect, the fatwaissued against Salman Rushdie for his Satanic Verses in 1989 and the subsequent assassination attempt represent a new type of threat to a freedom that was seemingly taken for granted in liberal democracies. And yet the history of literature and the arts is full of examples of artistic and literary productions causing controversy or being censored because they were considered blasphemous, licentious, dangerous to society, too 'crude', 'obscene', insulting or hateful. This raises a number of issues including the specific nature of freedom of expression in works, indirect representation and the responsibility of the author, the effect of literalisation and more generally the meaning that should be accorded to artistic gestures. Obviously this also raises the question (as in the other themes of the chair) of who is qualified to act as a censor along with the issue of the instrumentalisation of art.

Some people argue that creative freedom should be defined as distinct from freedom of expression, citing the rights of fiction which are still often recognised by courts.

However this also brings up the issue of people using fiction to convey racist, anti-Semitic or sexist (and so forth) messages that are prohibited in the public arena. Furthermore, freedom of artistic expression is still severely limited by defamation law and the protection of privacy which even applies in the case of fiction and also by legislation that protects minors and prohibits paedophile discourse and depictions.

More generally, debate about artistic exception is ongoing and all these debates deserve to be analysed as such. The privileged status accorded to fiction does not mean the debate on art, its scope or its relationship with reality is over as has been observed for other forms of artistic expression.

The DEMAIN SOSI^[1] aims to construct and maintain a rigorous and systematic statistical monitoring system of young people's attitudes, behaviour and values in France.

For some years now the living conditions of young people in France have been affected by an accumulation of crises and disorders such as school and university closures during the COVID-19 pandemic and health crisis, soaring food prices caused by inflation and the war in Ukraine, tensions in certain banlieues or working-class suburbs. Such difficulties have been compounded by climate change, the slow but gradual weakening of democracies around the world and in Europe, and finally widening economic inequalities. Young people are subjected to the highest rates of unemployment and poverty among French population groups and are thus the first victims of this growing insecurity. These crises do not however affect all young people in the same way.

Indeed, a great deal of qualitative sociological research shows different fractions of young people and stresses how important it is to take into account the many inequalities linked to social origin, territory, gender or ethno-racial origin that affect young people in France. In parallel, work in the field of public policy analysis based on European comparisons has enabled researchers to characterise the specific characteristics of being young in France. Beyond the aforementioned divisions, young French men and women find it hard to achieve full citizenship. They may be administratively defined as their parents' children for social benefits and thus live through this period of life closely dependent on their families.

The numerous summary reports on social mobility published by the OECD since the early 2000s clearly show how the above can lead to a relatively high level of intergenerational reproduction of inequalities. 

Alongside this, in an ageing society like our own the behaviour, values and attitudes of young people tend to come under particular scrutiny. The public debate enjoys portraying 'new' generations with attitudes and values that are at least partly radically different from in previous generations. In this context, TOMORROW uses a methodological approach designed to fill in any gaps and blind spots in existing surveys of the values and behaviour of young people. The project has three main aims: 

• To take the heterogeneity of young people into account along with the many inequalities that divide them. The idea is to compare young people systematically with each other to find out more about what divides and what brings them together. In the light of the findings, what could be the contours of a possible "common ground" ?
• To carry out a rigorous comparison between under-thirties and the rest of the population to identify divergences or convergences. Do any dimensions of the space of attitudes and values exist in which under-29s or even the under-25s significantly differ from previous cohorts ? 
• To create an open source database for use by the entire research community (data to be made available on PRODEGO) 

For this work, the overall survey will include a major longitudinal statistical survey with a quadruple comparative design to study different samples of young people and a mirror sample: 

1. A representative sample of 16-29 year olds who live in a Priority Urban District (n=1000) 
2. A representative sample of 16-29 year olds who live in rural zones (at least n=1000) 
3. A representative sample of 16-29 year olds who live in France (n=1000)
4. A representative sample of the population aged 16 and over who live in France (n=1000) 

The questionnaire modules will be constructed thanks to the expertise of a multi-disciplinary scientific committee made up of researchers specialising in the young and in the various dimensions of values and attitudes. 

The first survey will be run in 2025 with barometric monitoring set up to produce longitudinal data to enable the researchers to untangle age, generation and period effects.

Coordinators : Anja Durovic (CNRS, PRINTEMPS laboratory), Camille Peugny (University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, PRINTEMPS laboratory) and Vincent Tiberj (Sciences Po Bordeaux, Emile Durkheim centre).

This SOSI's aim is to study the long-term cognitive and ethical transformations brought about by cultural goods that derive from popular culture. More specifically the project studies television series and podcasts to explore how these cultural forms can influence and even transform contemporary society. 

Television series provide common reference points that fuel ordinary conversations and political debates alike. They enable us to reconsider the analytical capacities of their audiences and explore the way popular works and productions structure our understanding and experience of the world. 

Cultural rights have been enshrined in the legal framework of human rights which makes it important to study the positive side of cultural education as a counterpoint to the many studies on the harmful nature of social networks. Series can have an unparalleled impact and largely shape individual lifestyles and values nowadays which means it is important to carry out a long-term investigation to their ability to more effectively create shared values and educate their audiences. The longitudinal dimension is essential for measuring the long-term cognitive and moral impact of TV series. 

Currently traditional methods of transmitting values have been found to have reached their limits which is why EDUPOP is studying new directions for political and moral education and highlighting the dual impact of television series and podcasts on the way individuals perceive and analyse the world that surrounds them. The project belongs to a sociology of the ways people acquire knowledge and values throughout their lives, beyond and alongside their initial socialisation. It is also part of an ordinary form of ethics grounded in people's skills, sensibilities and moral capacities. Its work stresses the importance of such forms of popular culture in constructing shared values and fighting social injustice and discrimination. 

EDUPOP highlights the potential of television series and podcasts as tools for emancipation and individual autonomy. Today's culture is developed through users' experience and participation which is amplified and multiplied in the digital environment. It also derives from the growing power of citizens as the producers and assessors of the content that is important to them. 

EDUPOP's work takes previous research by two projects as its basis. The first is the DEMOSERIES ERC (2020-2024) which studied the moral influence that political and 'securitarian' television series can have on their viewers, notably through a large-scale survey of the reception of such series in France. The second is the RECO+ project (2024) supported by CNRS Innovation which aims to enhance systems for recommending series. RECO+ works with an innovative approach that combines moral philosophy, aesthetics and sociology to find out more about how popular culture shapes individuals throughout their lives. The new medium of podcasting emerged in the 2000s and has become the audio format with the strongest growth in recent years. Much like series, podcasts (particularly the 'native' variety) are part of a movement that started in the early 2000s to broaden what can be said and what is conceivable in terms of education and of political, geopolitical, historical, ethical, relational or sexual sensibilities.

EDUPOP will carry out a longitudinal follow-up study in the wake of two questionnaire surveys carried out in 2017 (Elipss/Sciences-Po system) and 5 years later in 2022 (DEMOSERIES - Kantar Public Voice). The project is scheduled to run for 8 years (2024-2032) which leaves enough time to disseminate and expand on the 2022 survey's results, to launch a new survey in 2027 and then a third in 2032. EDUPOP will set up the survey on podcasts in 2025 and manage longitudinal monitoring thereof.

Coordinators : Sandra Laugier, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Institut des sciences juridique et philosophique de la Sorbonne ; Hervé Glevarec, CNRS, Centre de recherche sur les liens sociaux (Cerlis)

How can data from digital worlds be used to understand the long-term evolution of national opinion and value dynamics and what lessons can be drawn from this as regards radicalisation, polarisation and disinformation phenomena? How do the major digital platforms influence forms of socialisation and what impact does this have on social groups?

The objective of this SOSI is to study and thus understand the phenomena of cultural and social change over very long periods (fifteen to twenty years) using data with individual- and minute-level granularity and observations of digital environments.

The SOSI aims to enable and support in-depth diachronic analysis of social, political and cultural dynamics. This will include shedding light on contemporary events through global and longitudinal studies using data (formalisation, quantification, modelling and simulation). Long-term data from digital worlds (e.g. Twitter, Mastodon, YouTube) will be collected and shared while collaborative analysis and visualisation environments and macroscopes will be produced.

Macroscopes were introduced by Joël de Rosnay in 1975 and are the equivalent of microscopes in biology for study of the social sphere. These are tools for observing collectives formed by human beings in an overall and reflective manner. These devices can be used to navigate interactively through large structured sets of 'social traces', provide a synthetic view of a collective phenomenon and make it possible to explore the details of a phenomenon at the micro level (entities and interactions). They are essential intermediary tools for linking social science models with field data.

This SOSI's work relies on the 'Multivac' infrastructure run by the Institut des Systèmes Complexes de Paris Île-de-France(ISC-PIF, UAR3611, CNRS) and also on national computing centres like the Laboratory of the Physics of the Two Infinities - Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab, UMR9012, CNRS / Paris-Saclay University) to roll out infrastructures in the cloud.

Its components are:

• non-stop streaming data collection (several tens of millions of records per day);
• data storage on distributed environments (Haddop cluster, HDFS);
• large-scale data indexing;
• the development of analysis environments and collaborative code on data;
• the restitution and interrogation of data via REST APIs for the academic community and the development of mobile applications for the general public.

This SOSI will enable researchers from a broad and diverse range of disciplines to work together on joint projects. Researchers from the following laboratories have used Multiva for their work: Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition (LATTICE, UMR8094, CNRS / ENS-PSL / Université Sorbonne Nouvelle) laboratory, the Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS, UMR7006, CNRS / University de Strasbourg) ISIS (STS), the Centre for Research on Medicine, Science, Health, Mental Health and Society (CERMES3, UMR8211, CNRS / Inserm / Université Paris Cité), the LIP6 (UMR7606, CNRS / Sorbonne University), the Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (IRIT, UMR5505, CNRS / Toulouse INP / Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier) and the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Modelling (LPTM, UMR8089, CNRS / CY Cergy Paris University).

Porteur(s) : Institut des Systèmes Complexes de Paris ÎdF (ISC-PIF), Paris 13.
Responsable Scientifique : David Chavalarias, CNRS (CAMS & ISC-PIF).         
Responsable d’infrastructure: Maziyar Panahi (CNRS/ISC-PIF).

The impact of many public policies depends on how these affect populations in all their diversity (socio-economic level, location, demographic composition, type of housing, etc.). The micro-simulation approach enables researchers to use a representative sample and information on each individual or household within a given population to construct that population statistically in its full diversity. Public policies can then be simulated using models representing their current state or potential changes so that their impact on the population as a whole can be tested.

The micro-simulation approach to public policy analysis has brought about the development of three areas of research:

• The first is statistical analysis used here to construct a complete and detailed representation of the population analysed. This can include data matching, data fusion techniques or incorporating information from household surveys into administratively collected data.
• The second is modelling public policies which here involves developing algorithms to simulate different types of public intervention. Most often the subject of such simulations is the social and fiscal system but public spending, regulations and standards can also be modelled.
• Finally, the third area is modelling behavioural responses to policy changes and more specifically modelling the extent of people's reactions to incentives or obligations included in public policies. The state of the art in this area involves measuring the sensitivity of responses (i.e. elasticities) to policy changes on the basis of past experience and then including a behavioural module in the micro-simulation model.

This project's objective is to support the development of the TAXIPP micro-simulation model currently being developed at the Institut des Politiques Publiques (IPP), a research centre dedicated to the analysis and evaluation of public policies. The IPP is the fruit of a partnership between the Paris School of Economics (PSE) and the Group of National Economics and Statistics Schools (GENES). This collaborative project involves researchers from the Paris Jourdan Economics Unit (CNRS, Inrae, EHESS, ENPC, ENS-PSL, University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) and the Center for Research in Economics and Statistics (CREST - CNRS, ENSAE Paris, ENSAI, École Polytechnique).

This open source model can be used by all researchers requiring a detailed model of the socio-fiscal system. It currently covers social and fiscal policies aimed at households such as compulsory deductions like income tax or social security contributions and also social benefits like family housing or minimum social benefits. It is based on a whole range of exhaustive administrative sources that are statistically matched to each other and linked to an open-access, collaborative socio-tax simulator (OpenFisca). This simulator calculates the compulsory deductions and social benefits which each individual in the data is subject to while also taking into account their characteristics and any legislation currently being studied in the current or reformed system.

Researchers can use this model to deduce the effects of a reform on public revenue and expenditure, its redistributive effects and a socio-fiscal system's redistributive characteristics at a given point in time. This kind of model can also be used to calculate the degree of potential exposure to a reform of all individuals and compare this exposure with changes in these individuals' behaviour.

This tool constitutes an infrastructure that can be used in the framework of a wide range of research projects studying the French redistribution system. More broadly, it can be used for developments in micro-simulation in other areas of public policy like environmental policy, health, transport, education and so forth. The objective of this project is to make this model accessible to as many people as possible while extending its use and development prospects. Detailed documentation and the source code for the latest version of the model are available online.

Porteur : Antoine Bozio, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) / PSE-École d’Économie de Paris / Institut des politiques publiques (IPP)

This observatory follows on from the work carried out over the last 20 years by Giscop93, a scientific interest group focusing on work-related cancers in the Seine-Saint-Denis area. It aims to highlight the responsibility of manufacturing activity in the cancer epidemic in an area with a particularly dense and rich industrial history and very high levels of social inequality. 

On average 11% of employees are currently exposed to carcinogenic hazards while carrying out their normal work activities although this proportion can vary according to age, gender, racialisation processes, employment status, socio-professional category and the sector of activity concerned. Young workers (particularly apprentices), temporary workers and blue-collar workers are particularly affected. What's more, occupational exposure is far from confined to factories, often extending further aground to contaminate local residents and the surrounding environment, particularly non-human living organisms. The hazards are also carried into homes and families through workers' clothes and bodies. Finally, de-industrialisation and urban transformation mask toxic legacies with an uneven distribution across France.

This observatory aims to carry out and federate research into the responsibility of work in producing social inequalities in health. Its research is a part of a broader field of work on the construction of ignorance, environmental injustices and green criminology. The area of Seine-Saint-Denis where the project is based is emblematic of the many citizen and scientific initiatives that aim to counter blind spots in knowledge on environmental injustices. The project is a response to a strong social demand amplified by the current ecological context. It also aims to promote dialogue between investigations and results in this field with their national and international counterparts constructed elsewhere for purposes of comparison and increasing generality.

This research is based on participatory science dynamics and has been jointly constructed with stakeholders in the field like unions, institutions or associations. It is also part of a long-term collaboration with Sorbonne Paris Nord University (USPN) which is greatly involved in this project. 

Three initial work areas are planned to construct and feed into this Observatory :

• Promoting and disseminating the data produced by Giscop93 using an open science approach
  Giscop 93 has been producing and collecting a wide range of data for the last twenty years or longer. These data provide information on subjects including the reconstruction of career paths, health data, carcinogen exposure pathways, access pathways for compensation rights, archives on the mobilisation of citizens faced with industrial pollution, etc. To preserve, promote and disseminate these data, the project will explore ways of making them accessible to researchers and the general public and will also develop presentation tools and media for the results and data from Giscop93's studies and research.
• Industrial hazards as a form of environmental injustice
  To document environmental injustices, the project aims to explore the impact of the socially and legally constructed boundary between environmental health and occupational health on the range of actions available for social mobilisation purposes. It will also study how this boundary affects public authorities' recognition of health problems linked to occupational toxic substances in situations like exposure to asbestos in buildings, industrial spillage, health effects on local residents and so forth. 
• Young workers and industrial toxins – an occupational health research priority but an environmental health blind spot?
  As young people are developing physically and mentally they may be faced with major risks, often as early as their teenage years. These include short-term risks like workplace accidents and their long-term counterparts such as occupational illnesses like work-related cancers. 
  After four years of research working with young apprentices in the beauty and automotive sections of Apprentice Training Centres in the Île-de-France region, the project's aim is to broaden the focus of analysis to cover the entire training chain for young workers (professional training at vocational colleges and apprenticeships). This will include the way carcinogenic risk is dealt with in public policy or the policy of the training establishments, the positioning and room for manoeuvre of the stakeholders involved. The latter include trainers and internship/apprenticeship supervisors working for the training bodies concerned, apprentices, trainees and their families. 

Coordinators : Karima Guenfoud (USPN, Interdisciplinary Institute of Social Issues - IRIS), Anne Marchand (USPN, IRIS) and Zoé Rollin (UPC, Cerlis)

Large-scale databases are one of quantitative history's essential tools, particularly for the study of historical demography. However this requires a mass of data to be managed that is often difficult for research teams to control using traditional data collection methods. Very recent advances in artificial intelligence and Deep Learning have enabled historical demographers to collect information automatically. The major advantage of these techniques for the creation of historical demography databases, apart from the obvious savings in time, is that researchers can study larger populations, particularly on those of large cities, which have long been neglected, especially for the 19th and 20th centuries.

The aim of the 'Observatoire de l'histoire de la population française: grandes bases de données et intelligence artificielle' (Observatory of the history of the French population: large-scale databases and artificial intelligence) SOSI is to help construct, finalise, conserve, disseminate and use historical surveys on the French population in a sustainable manner. The project has four stated objectives:

1. The first of these objectives is to support projects with current funding to construct databases of historical demographics using artificial intelligence so that databases can survive over the long term. Often, funded projects are able to create databases but the research teams rarely have the time required to exploit them fully or maintain them longer than the duration of the funded project.
2. The second objective is to enable technology to be transferred to two types of survey. The first type is surveys that aim to use artificial intelligence to construct a large database of historical demographics. The second type is surveys launched in the 2000s and 2010s or even earlier that used the traditional manual data entry method. The aim is to avoid losing the considerable amount of existing work.
3. The third objective is to document, preserve and disseminate the Observatory's surveys in conjunction with IR* Progedo (a research infrastructure).
4. The final objective is to create and foster a scientific dynamic around historical demography databases by providing the SOSI teams with the right tools and knowledge to construct new databases. Eventually this positive dynamic should also enable some of these databases to be linked and thus become interoperable.

The SOSI ObHisPop is supporting seven studies:

• POPP: Project for the Oceration of the Paris Population Census (1926-1946) (LARHRA; LITIS/NORMASTIC)
• EXO-POPP: Optical Extraction of Handwritten Named Entities for the Marriage Certificates of the Population of Paris (1880-1940) –(LARHRA; LITIS /NORMASTIC)
• The Population of Charleville From the Late-17th Century to the Late-19th Century (CRM)
• POPSTRAS: Océrisation du Fichier Domiciliaire pour une histoire démographique de Strasbourg (1871-1939) (Oceration of the Household Records for a Demographic History of Strasbourg - SAGE; IDEAS)
• Survey of the population of Belfort (FEMTO-ST; CIAD)
• GENPAR survey (CRM)
• Teams from the 'Ineqkill' and 'EPIBEL' projects (Catholic University of Leuven and Ghent University).

Porteuse : Sandra Brée, chargé de recherche CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche Rhône-Alpes (LARHRA).

The declassification of government archives on nuclear testing in Polynesia has paved the way for a new phase in socio-historical research into this testing. CNRS Humanities & Social Sciences has set up an investigative project under the scientific direction of the historian Renaud Meltz. Mr Meltz was already involved in a research programme on the Pacific Experiment Centre's history ('Histoire et mémoires du CEP', 2018-2021) which led to the publication of a multidisciplinary book - 'Des bombes en Polynésie. Les essais nucléaires français dans le Pacifique', Vendémiaire, 2022. This new initiative is part of a broader overall project coordinated with CNRS Earth & Space, CNRS Ecology & Environment and CNRS Nuclei & Particles that focuses on examples of upheaval in societies and ecosystems caused by global change or certain events. This study project focuses on the health and socio-cultural legacies of the nuclear tests carried out between 1966 and 1996 on Moruroa and Fangataufa. The project is hosted by the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme du Pacifique (MSH-P, UAR2503, CNRS/University of French Polynesia).

A socio-history of the health of Polynesians and CEP veterans

This project's work is based on declassified government archives, the living archives of the nuclear test sites' monitoring department and the accounts of test veterans and local residents. Its aim is to reconstruct the system set up by the military and civilian authorities to monitor the health aspects of these nuclear tests. This ranges from the health inventory drawn up before the first tests to the implementation of the tests and the monitoring of the tests' consequences. How did this system deal with health and environmental effects - from the prevention and risk information policy through to treatment and including measuring exposure to fallout? The project also looks into ordinary military medicine for people who lived near the test sites run from the base at Hao and the legacy it has left in terms of access to healthcare in Polynesia today.

The study will examine the way in which health policies were rolled out in three locations and confronted with the social factors of exposure to radiation. The locations are a navy building that housed European and Polynesian operators during the tests, an inhabited atoll near Moruroa and a district of the Société archipelago. The survey will be both prosopographical and biographical, involving the life stories of veterans chosen on the basis of the diversity of their profiles and experiences linked to the CEP.

This socio-history of health broadens the spectrum of the legacies of these tests to move beyond the radioactive fallout alone to study changes in people's lifestyles, diets and relationships with their environment. It also deals with the Polynesian health system after the closure of the CEP. This event transformed the system from a state and military regime into a civilian and territorial organisation within the framework defined by the territory's autonomous status and faced with the other health challenges the CEP induced indirectly.

The socio-cultural impact of nuclear Polynesia

The aim of this project is to document the socio-cultural impact of the CEP along with the linguistic, geographical and socio-economic issues involved. PhD students and/or postdoctoral fellows working on the project will document the legacy of the CEP on two scales. A socio-history of the migrations the CEP led to on the scale of French Polynesia (FP) will be developed with the aim of creating a database of inter-island flows since the beginning of the CEP project in 1963. This will make it possible to develop a typology of labour migrations in three dimensions:

• historical: the first entry into the workforce or before this in phosphate mining or another field,
• economic: the type and duration of employment contract, skills, etc.
• geographical: commuting, permanent migration, changing islands within French Polynesia or even the Pacific with New Caledonia, to France or even Europe (Portuguese workers).

We will target relevant areas in the Papeete urban area and one or more initial areas (Australes, Marquises, etc.), aiming to carry out a second qualitative study at the level of local neighbourhoods.

Finally, we put forward the idea that the CEP's socio-cultural impacts will be better understood within a broader framework that enables movements of things, people and ideas to be taken into account. This expanded framework means we can compare the different test sites - from the choice of the Polynesian site in the context of the already nuclearised Pacific zone to the processes of recognition and compensation for the test victims. Ultimately, the SOSI's objective is to carry out a comparative study of the CEP's legacy with reference to the tests carried out in the Pacific by the US and the UK and covering issues ranging from the choice of site to compensation for victims.

Porteur : Renaud Meltz, université de Haute-Alsace, Centre de recherches sur les économies, les sociétés, les arts et les techniques (CRESAT), Maison des Sciences de l'Homme du Pacifique

The project follows on from participatory environment-work health surveys. Its objective is to set up an observatory of environmental and occupational diseases in the Rhône-Alpes region and more specifically in the industrial area of Lyon known as the 'Lyon Chemical Valley'. This zone runs along the banks of Rhône River and includes around fifteen municipalities stretching from Lyon to the border with the Isère region.

This is one of the largest industrial areas in France and yet the impact of this industrial activity on the health of local residents and site employees is still very much understudied. In fact, there is only one departmental cancer register (for Isère) for the whole Rhône-Alpes region. Also in the studies of health risks in French industrial areas listed by Santé Publique France data is rare on air pollution levels in the southern Lyon area. And this despite the fact the 'chemical valley' houses hundreds of former polluted sites and dangerous polluting facilities that are still in operation. Indeed several of these are classified as Seveso sites. The area has suffered pollution and several industrial catastrophes including the Feyzin disaster in January 1966 (an explosion at the refinery that killed 18 people), pollution of the Rhône (acrolein in 1976, hydroquinone at the start of the 1980s and recurring PCB incidents from the 1970s to 2010) and the 1987 fire at the Édouard Herriot port.

The Observatory will have three functions:

• To take stock of existing scientific knowledge, health standards and collective actions linked to this knowledge. This area was the subject of several health and environmental campaigns in the 1970s but these became significantly less frequent from the 1980s onwards
• To analyse the reasons for the comparative failure to produce and disseminate knowledge and to take public responsibility for many of the health problems we associate with industrial pollution
• To jointly produce participatory health data by constructing a multidisciplinary research team involving sociology, political science, toxicology, epidemiology, geography and history specialists.

Porteurs : Gwenola Le Naour, Sciences Po Lyon, Valentin Thomas, Sciences Po Lyon / Institut universitaire européen de Florence ; Triangle (CNRS / ENS Lyon / Sciences Po Lyon / Université Lumière Lyon 2)

Urban expansion zones of West Africa like the towns of Sebikotane and Diamniadio in Senegal's Dakar have seen far-reaching changes in the last decade or so that have transformed peaceful villages into major urban and industrial centres in a short timeframe. These are tangible upheavals that are easy for the local population to describe, having lived through a huge increase in construction following the completion of the motorway. All the tensions inherent to Senegalese society being forced towards modernisation can be seen to play out in these few square kilometres formerly made up of villages, fields and orchards.

The challenge this observatory has set itself is to contribute to the area's social and ecological transformation through scientific investigations of pollution caused by human activities. The aim is to produce knowledge that is relevant to the area because it provides responses to the vital concerns of local residents and also to enhance understanding of this type of anthropogenic pollution situation. Indeed this input will fill scientific knowledge gaps particularly as regards the effects of the accumulation of a very large amount of industrial emissions and effluents. The research also has a political objective through its focus on the area's specific characteristics because the jointly constructed knowledge it will produce can be used by and benefit local residents and the local authorities that represent them. Such knowledge will thus support these stakeholders' ability in taking action to bring about a viable transformation of practices in the area.

This art-science-society pollution observatory has two objectives - to record and analyse ongoing changes and to contribute to public debate in an area where residents are concerned about environmental health issues.

• The observatory aims to learn collectively from a situation considered experimental to document and represent the effects of an extremely rapid industrial and urban development involving intertwined global, regional and local dynamics.
• We will also attempt to find and define ways of coping with this kind of development through rehabilitation, repair, redevelopment or regeneration.

To achieve this, the observatory aims to hybridise the research group to broaden its scope. For this reason its work will be based on a residents' council and a network of regional academics as well as the more conventional scientific council. This is intended to integrate a plurality of viewpoints and thus identify shared research questions while benefiting from residents' experience, knowledge and know-how of the area being studied. The knowledge produced will be useful in three ways:

• socially it will provide responses to local residents' vital concerns;
• scientifically it will counter ignorance about the effects of cumulative emissions and industrial effluents;
• politically the knowledge will be jointly constructed and will benefit residents and local authorities, strengthening their capacity for action.

Porteur : Yann Philippe Tastevin, CNRS, Laboratoire international Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (ESS)

A brief summary of the project

Grammar is implicit knowledge that is part of our intangible cultural heritage but is also the fruit of a cognitive faculty developed throughout biological evolution. Study of grammar is therefore based around the dichotomy between Nature and Culture.

The aim of the ViGramm project is to model grammatical variation in the Romance languages - all linguistic varieties deriving from Latin. Of course this includes the 'official' languages like French and Romanian and also above all the minor varieties or 'dialects' that have not been standardised or normalised by 'school' grammar. Romance varieties are a fertile area for study because they display a set of innovative features that are absent in their shared ancestor (Latin) and also because these features vary from one dialect to another.

The project will address the following research questions:

• What are the relevant variables?
• Are these variables correlated?
• These correlations form a network of clusters. What is this network's structure?
• Are these variables evenly distributed in space?
• Is the spatial distribution of these variables or clusters of variables correlated with extralinguistic factors like political barriers or physical borders?

To provide responses researchers will:

• collect a large amount of data from existing sources like linguistic atlases and databases;
• manipulate this data using statistics and data visualisation techniques to make sense of grammatical variation in its entirety without focusing on isolated dialects or phenomena;
• analyse statistical data through the theoretical prism of generative grammar. The theoretical principle at the core of this research is that all syntactic differences can be reduced to the properties of functional elements like determiners, pronouns, auxiliaries and so forth.

Methodology

The project is based on a simple but innovative methodology. In recent years many projects have focused on digitising major data sources like the large print atlases from the start of the 20th century. The main objective of digitisation was to preserve scientific works the size of which made reprints highly unfeasible and to put the original data online in digital and annotated form.

The ViGramm project is based on a completely different approach which aims to re-use the source rather than to preserve it. The key idea is extraction i.e.; transforming atlas data into metadata or numerical variables that represent: a) the syntactic properties present in each of the millions of sentences making up the corpus; b) the provenance of each item; c) each dialect's geographical coordinates.

The protocol was tested on a set of phenomena (negation and related issues) and on a sample of Italo- and Gallo-Romance dialects. The primary data came from the Atlas Linguistique de la France (ALF), the Atlas Italo-Suisse (AIS), the Atlas Syntaxique de l'Italie (ASIt) and the Thesaurus Occitan (Thesoc).

The metadata are organised in portable .csv files to be made freely accessible in compliance with the Huma-Num infrastructure's best practice guides. These digital variables can be reused in many ways ranging from digital mapping to statistical analysis.

Open science

The maps and graphic formats produced by the project are suitable for dissemination activities aimed at increasing collaboration between the scientific community and communities of speakers of these languages. We will disseminate some of the project materials on social networks to attempt to increase interaction with communities of speakers. As well as the usual scientific publications, project materials may be published on a website with fact sheets written by renowned experts to be made accessible to the general public.

Porteurs : Le projet est porté par Diego Pescarini (BCL, Nice) spécialiste de syntaxe et dialectologie Italo-Romane, en collaboration avec Anne Dagnac (CLLE, Toulouse), spécialiste de syntaxe du français et du picard, et Stella Retali-Medori (LISA, Corte), spécialiste des parlers corses.

Les chercheurs CNRS permanents en sciences humaines et sociales ont produit annuellement environ 6500 publications en 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018. Les articles de revue et les chapitres d'ouvrage représentent près de 2/3 de la production totale.

La répartition des types de publication est différente selon les champs disciplinaires.

En « économie et gestion », presque ¾ de la production correspondent à des articles de revue et des documents de travail. Plus des 2/3 des productions dans le domaine « Hommes et milieux : évolution, interactions » se font sous forme d'articles de revues et de rapports. Les linguistes (section 34), sociologues et politologues (sections 36 et 40) et géographes (section 39) produisent également davantage d'articles dans des revues que de chapitres d'ouvrage.

A contrario, il y a une prédominance en faveur des chapitres d'ouvrage dans la production des anthropologues (section 38), des chercheurs et ingénieurs des domaines des «Sciences philosophiques et philologiques, sciences de l'art» (section 35) et des historiens des mondes anciens (section 32) et modernes et contemporains (section 33).

L’activité « colloque » (communication et/ou organisation) est effectuée par 90,5 % des chercheurs et il n’y a pas de différences très importantes entre les disciplines (source Ribac 2012).

Presque 2/3 des colloques auxquels ont participé les chercheurs ont une audience internationale.

La presque totalité des présentations (95,7 %) se font sous la forme d’une communication orale. Les présentations sous forme de poster restent relativement peu nombreuses en SHS (source Ribac 2012).

Environ 2/3 des chercheurs (64 %) ont déclaré être membres ou porteurs d’un programme de recherche. La répartition par section fait apparaitre une grande diversité de pratique d’une discipline à l’autre.

Nombre de chercheurs CNRS de l'institut membres ou porteurs de projets en fonction de la typologie des projets